Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper Free Essays

Aroused by the massacre of Amritsar in 1919, Gandhi devoted his life to gaining India’s independence from Great Britain. As the dominant figure used his persuasive philosophy of non-violent confrontation, he inspired political activists with many persuasions throughout the world (Andrews 23). Not only was Mahatma Gandhi a great peacemaker, but also his work to achieve freedom and equality for all people was greatly acknowledged. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gandhi’s unconventional style of leadership gained him the love of a country and eventually enabled him to lead the independence movement in India. Mohandas Gandhi, later called Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2,1869 in Porbandar, which is the present day state of Gujarat, India (Andrews 17). He grew up in a very controlled family that had an alliance with the family ruling Kathiawad. He was engaged to two other women who both died, then he eventually married Kasturba at the age of 13. Gandhi sailed to England to attend University College in London to study law (Kamat’s Potpourri). In 1891, he was able to practice in the British bar. Gandhi went back to India and tried to authorize a law practice in Bombay, with very little achievement. Two years later, an Indian firm with curiosity in South Africa had an office in Durban where Gandhi was commissioned as legal advisor. This is where he lived for twenty years once he began his job doing labor on the sugar estates in South Africa (Moreorless). As soon as he arrived in Durban, he found himself being treated as if he was not human. The Africans forbade fundamental individual rights and political rights from the Indian immigrants. This conduct resulted in Gandhi’s outburst in fury towards the African’s reactions to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then began a civil right’s campaign, which resulted in the development of his passive resistance policy, which eventually inspired thousands. The Union of South Africa government adjusted Gandhi’s demands, which included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax (Kamat’s Potpourri). When this man saw how terrible people were being treated because of diversity he said, â€Å"†There is nothing that wastes the body like worry, and one who has any faith in God should be ashamed to worry about anything whatsoever,† (Gold 231). By saying that, he meant that no one should worry about where hey stand in society or how they are judged because in God’s eyes everyone is perfect and everyone is equal therefore, no one who has any faith in God should be worrying about their so called â€Å"imperfections. † This great man struggled to gain the important rights for all Indians, and this is where it all began. Once Gandhi’ s mission in South Africa was complete, he returned to India and became involved in the home ruling movement. He was concerned with excessive land tax and discrimination, so he organized protests by peasants, farmers, and urban laborers to help them stand tall and fight for what they deserved (Gold 57). During World War I, Gandhi had an active part in recruiting campaigns by launching his new movement of non-violent resistance to Great Britain (Byers 202). When Parliament passed the Rowlatt Acts in 1919, Satyagraha, which means insistence on truth, spread throughout India, recruiting millions of followers. British soldiers massacred Indians at Amritsar as a demonstration against the Rowlatt Acts. In 1920 the British government failed to make peace, which resulted in Gandhi organizing a campaign of non-cooperation (Andrews 103). There was chaos in India as the public office resigned, courts were boycotted, and children were taken out of schools. Sitting Indians, who ignored police officers when told to move, even if they got beaten, blocked the streets. Gandhi was arrested, but the British soon were forced to free him. India’s economic independence was made of Gandhi’s Swaraj (self governing) movement. Because of this, India boycotted all British goods and British industrialists were left in extreme poverty across India. To save the country, Gandhi brought back cottage industries. He started to symbolize the return of simple village life by using a spinning wheel. â€Å"Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and meditation,† (Andrews 126). He refused material possessions, and wore the lowest-class clothing and supported himself on only vegetables, fruits, and goat’s milk. Fellow Indians looked at him as a God-like force, often referring to him as Mahatma (which means great-souled). Gandhi’s ahimsa (idea of nonviolence), was essentially the way of life in the Hindu religion. Since India followed Gandhi’s ahimsa with such support, Britain would soon understand that violence is useless in this country and leave. In 1921, Gandhi received complete leadership from the Indian National Congress, the group that started the movement for nationhood. But, the Indian population could not understand why the whole world wasn’t practicing and showing the ahimsa (Kamat’s Potpurri). Because of this, many armed revolts broke out against the British. Gandhi eventually admitted that his campaign was a failure, and quickly tried to end it. Gandhi was then seized and imprisoned by the British government in 1922. He was released in 1924, and distanced himself from being involved in any politics and instead focused on getting the Indian community closer (Gold 149). Unavoidably, he was brought back into the political forces. In 1930, a new campaign of civil disobedience was called to the Indian population saying they should refuse to pay taxes, especially on salt (Moreorless). The campaign was the famous march to the sea, where thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea, and made salt by evaporating sea-water. Gandhi was again arrested, but released in 1931 as he stopped the campaign. In 1932, Gandhi started new civil-disobedience campaigns against the British. Since he was arrested twice, the Mahatma fasted for long periods many times. These fasts were very useful against the British because revolts would have broken out if Gandhi had died. In September 1932, while in jail, Gandhi performed a â€Å"fast unto death† in order to help the Hindu Untouchables. (Byers 202). The British considered the Untouchables as a separate part of the Indian government and tolerated their injustice. Although Gandhi was a member of the upper caste, he strongly believed in removing this unjust caste system. In 1934 Gandhi resigned from politics, being replaced by Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi continued teaching ahimsa and traveled across India. He was known for his dedication and political power. Since he was viewed with such great esteem, the British had to wait for Gandhi’s approval to limit the home rule in 1935. In 1939 he returned to politics and designed his first act manipulate the ruler of the state of Rajkot to change his autocratic rule (Moreorless). The colonial government had to intervene because the fast caused commotion across the country. When World War II broke out, the Congress party and Gandhi refused to support Britain in the war unless they were given complete independence. The British refused their proposal. When Japan entered the war, Gandhi still refused to allow India to fight in the war. He was imprisoned in 1942 but was freed after two years due to his bad health (Kamat’s Potpourri). By 1944 the British agreed to allow Indian independence only if the two nationalist groups, the Muslim League and the Congress party, resolved their issues (Andrews 178). Gandhi was strongly against the dividing of India but in the end had to agree, hoping that peace would be accomplished after the demand for Muslim separation was achieved. India and Pakistan split to two separate states when India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi begged Hindus and Muslims to live together peacefully during the riots. Mahatma fasted until the riots stopped (Moreorless). He also fasted successfully on January 13, 1948, to bring about peace, but twelve days after that fast ended he was assassinated by a Hindu on his way to an evening prayer (Byers 203). Gandhi’s death was a worldwide devastation that left the population in shock. In the United Nations there was a day set aside to mourn for Gandhi and remember his acts of nonviolence for eternity. All countries sent their apologies and reassured that he would never be forgotten. The teachings of nonviolent movements were inspired in other countries, as well as the U. S. A. â€Å"under the civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and in South Africa under Nelson Mandela,† (Moreorless). Gandhi was the most inspirational leader in the twentieth century because of his unique tactics of protesting and making peace worldwide. The most persuasive ways of accomplishing change in social issues came from his idea of civil disobedience and nonviolence, which advised freedom movements around the globe (Moreorless). This political leader and peacemaker will always be remembered as a successful man who impacted many to be non-violent. This accomplishment is a great achievement because without this concept India may still have been fighting for independence. Gandhi said, â€Å"The† (Moreorless) and that is what Gandhi chose to do. By doing favors for other people he was able to find out who he was, he found out he was the Mahatma because he truly did have a great soul. How to cite Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper, Essays

Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions

Question: Measuring relevant costs and revenues while taking decision on replacement of equipment and outsourcing of work is important. Discuss the same. Answer: What is relevant cost and how is it directly proportionate to the revenues is what all organizations focus at while taking crucial financial decisions. Relevant cost basically points at the amount of cash outflow that will take place to generate the adequate amount of revenue. There are various situations where costs are to be incurred so as to be able to derive forecasted revenues. Two decision making situations such as decision on replacement of an equipment and outsourcing decisions requires detailed brainstorming in relation to the relevant costs to be incurred and how much revenues will such a decision generate. Replacing an equipment is a strategic decision which any organization takes as it effects its ongoing process of manufacture and also replacing a fixed asset involves huge costs of purchase, installation and implementation. These costs have to be incurred after due analysis of the amount of revenues it will generate and how would it help to increase the productivity of the concern by reducing the cost of production. The main aim for replacement of any equipment is basically to ensure that the cost of production reduces significantly so that profits increases and the quality of production can also improve. Further the present machine which is to be replaced also is of significant value (Hafeezm, 2012). The cost that would be incurred in maintaining it if is more than the revenues that the firm generates then the same should be replaced and the cost incurred is considered to be relevant in nature. Further such a cost is considered to e relevant as in this competitive world new methodol ogies of production are always given priority and customers are more attracted towards such organizations who are better equipped and always updated with the latest technology. Also equipments after working for its estimated life will not yield much replacement value. Thus such losses are avoided by selling those old equipments well on time so as to be able to get better resale value of the equipments. Thus decision with regards replacement of an equipment requires the organizations to have a thorough analysis of how would such a replacement affect its costs and revenues. How would it help to increase the productivity of the concern and also increase revenues by adding more customers, reducing the cost of production thus increasing profits and market share simultaneously. Better branding is also possible if the production process is modernized and well equipped. (Drury 2008) Another very important decision that affects the cost-revenue model for any concern is the make or buy decision. This is one such area which requires brain racking at a micro level. The costs to be incurred while producing a product indigenously or buying it from other manufacturers is a crucial decision as the revenue generation will vary depending upon the decision taken. Its not possible for any organization to produce all its raw materials internally and so they will have to outsource some part of it (Kinney, Raiborn, 2009). If producing a product would cost virtually the same if produced within the organization then it is always better to outsource the product so that the organization can then focus on producing or generating those products which are design specific and cannot be outsourced. Such type of cost is relevant as it helps to reduce the burden of the organization to a great extent. The top management can then deploy there human capital somewhere else and derive maximu m revenues from the costs they have incurred(Boyd, 2015). Further if a comparative analysis is done for producing or outsourcing of a product which can be outsourced easily, one will notice that then the costs incurred for its production is irrelevant and avoidable. The company can negotiate better with the outsourcing agencies and save on time as well as human capital costs. Further the revenues will be generated faster also as the other company is required to supply goods on time and if not the company is liable to claim compensation also which it would not be able to do in case of in house production. Further if in future the said product is not required it can easily stop the purchase from the market but the same would not be possible in case of in house production (Simplestudies.com, 2015). Thus a decision regarding incurring of the costs with regards procurement of goods should be taken only after a detailed cost analysis is done between buy versus make costs. As these would affect the revenues also. The costs are relevant only if it enables to generate adequate amount of revenues as desired. Therefore what cost is relevant and how much revenue would it help to generate is a decision to be taken after considering all the pros and cons. Replacement of an equipment should be done taking into consideration the replacement costs, the technological advancements and how would it enable to increase the revenues of the organization. Thus all decisions come with their own pros and cons which should be studied in detail and weighed accordingly before arriving at a decision. References: Boyd, K., 2015, To Outsource or Not to Outsource : a Cost Accounting Decision, Cost accounting for Dummies, viewed on 19th July 2016, https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/to-outsource-or-not-to-outsource-a-cost-accounting.html Drury, C., 2008, Management and cost accounting, Pat Bond: Italy Simplestudies.com, 2015, Make or Buy Decisions, viewed on 19th July 2016, https://simplestudies.com/make-or-buy-decisions.html Hafeezm, 2012, Managerial Accounting Decision Making : Relevant Costs and Benefits , viewed on 19th July 2016, https://hubpages.com/education/Managerial-Accounting-Decision-Making-Relevant-Costs-Benefits Kinney, M.R., Raiborn, C.A., 2009, Cost Accounting : Foundations and Evolutions, Thomson: Sputh Western

Porphyria the Vampire Disease Essay Example

Porphyria: the Vampire Disease Paper Rachael McAlister AP II Extra Credit Paper J. Kamykowski 29 – November 2011 Porphyria: The Vampire Disease Porphyrias are a hereditary group of disorders in which heme is not properly made. There are many different forms of this disorder, with porphyria cutanea tarda being the most common type. Remember what happens to Edward Cullen from the Twilight series when he gets out in the sun? Yea, me neither. But in classic movies and early folklore, vampires were commonly depicted as having purplish, ruddy colored bloated skin. Fictional vampires are also known to fear the sunlight because the sun could damage their delicate skin or they could start sparkling. Porphyria has these same symptoms, minus the sparkling skin, which is why it is nicknamed The Vampire Disease. The process of making heme is a multi-step process. Porphyrins are made during this process. People with porphyria lack certain enzymes which causes buildups of porphyrins in the body. It usually attacks the nervous system or skin or both. When exposed to sunlight, a person with cutaneous porphyria can develop blisters, itching, scaring, and swelling of the skin. Porphyria in the nervous system is call acute porphyria. Symptoms of acute porphyria include: chest or abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. Certain medications, sunlight, smoking, alcohol, stress, or infections can trigger attacks with acute porphyria. An attack can include muscle numbness or tingling, paralysis, cramping, and personality and mental changes. With many forms of porphyria, a person may experience red urine. Porphyria is a rare disease. All the forms of the disease together affect less than 200,000 people in the US. We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Porphyria: the Vampire Disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The most common form, porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), affects around 1 in 10,000 people, while only six reported cases of ALAD-deficiency porphyria have been documented. Erythropoietic protophyria is the most common form among children. Acute Prophyrias seem to occur more often in northern European countries such as Sweden and the United Kingdom. Hereditary coproporphyria is reported most often in Europe and North America. Variegate porphyria is most common in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. Symptoms usually don’t manifest until later in adulthood. Most of the time porphyria is inherited. It is caused from a mutation in one or more of the following genes: ALAD, ALHS2, CPOX, FECH, HMBS, PPOX, UROD, and UROS. These genes provide instructions on how to produce the enzymes needed to make heme. 20% of cases are related to mutations in the UROD gene. Some types are inherited in an autosomal dominate pattern. This means that one copy of the gene in each cell is mutated. This increases the risk of developing signs and symptoms of the disease. Other forms are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene in each cell is mutated. Most often, the parents do not show any signs or symptoms when this is the case. Erythropoietic protophyria has an X linked dominate pattern of inheritance. Males may experience more severe symptoms of the disease than women. One of the main treatment options is the avoid the sun. A patient should quit smoking and drinking alcohol not only to aid in the benefit of their porphyria, but for overall health. Therapeutic phlebotomy may be used to improve heme production. Hematin may be administered intravenously in the event of a sudden acute attack. Pain medication, propranolol, and sedatives may also be used in this situation. Other treatment may include: Beta-carotene supplements, chloroquine, and fluids and glucose to boost carbohydrate levels. A high carbohydrate diet is recommended for patients with porphyria. Panhematin ® is the only available heme therapy treatment in the US. It is administered via a large central line or port. It is used to correct heme deficiency in the liver and repress the production of porphyrin precursors. Next time you are watching Dracula, pay close attention to his skin. His purplish, easily bruised or injured skin closely resembles the skin of someone with porphyrin. These people have to limit their time in the sun or they will blister. Sometimes they can experience problems breathing or chest pains. This disease, nicknamed The Vampire Disease, is rare but very painful for those that suffer from it. Works Cited Porphyria. † NCBI. gov. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Feb. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Porphyria. † MedlinePlus. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Porphyria. † Genetics Home Reference. U. S. National Library of Medicine, July 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. American Porphyria Foundation, 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. Sassa, Shigeru. â€Å"Modern Diagnosis and Management of the Porphyrias. † Brittish Journal of Haematology 135. 3 (2006): 281-292. Academic Search Elite. Web. 29-Nov. 2011

Free Essays on Environmental Inequalities

Andrew Hurley, in â€Å"Environmental Inequalities,† seems to be answering the same question throughout his telling of class, race, and industrial pollution in Gary, Indiana. From 1945- 1980 there were three distinct groups in Gary. There were the middle-class made up of white doctors, lawyers and management, the working class composed of semiskilled workers earning a moderate pay, and African Americans generally working the jobs that white workers did not want. Wage earnings gradually declined from the middle-class down to African American workers. Throughout this reading Hurley continually answers the question of how industrialization in Gary shaped human activity through pay and pollution, and in turn how humans shaped their environment. Starting with the middle-class citizens of Gary, Indiana, Hurley tells how they are identified by fresh air, beautiful landscapes and space. Hurley says, â€Å"Through the 1970’s, the preservation of suburban amenities would remain the driving force behind middle-class opposition to industrial pollution† (Hurley, 47). The relatively high income of the middle-class, although it varied greatly depending on occupation, allowed for families to move into suburban areas. With the combination of greater pay and efficient transportation, Gary was able to decentralize. This resulted in the primarily white middle-class moving a few miles outside of the downtown area, having more space and concentrating more on health issues. This was also made possible through government programs that further solidified the line between middle-class and working-class citizens. The Federal Housing Authority lowered initial down payments and extending repayment schedules. However, these types of mortgages were not allotted to low-income, inner-city neighborhoods because they were too risky. This was not the case for all Gary residents. â€Å"Even by the 1970’s, Gary remained a predominantly working-class community with almost ... Free Essays on Environmental Inequalities Free Essays on Environmental Inequalities Andrew Hurley, in â€Å"Environmental Inequalities,† seems to be answering the same question throughout his telling of class, race, and industrial pollution in Gary, Indiana. From 1945- 1980 there were three distinct groups in Gary. There were the middle-class made up of white doctors, lawyers and management, the working class composed of semiskilled workers earning a moderate pay, and African Americans generally working the jobs that white workers did not want. Wage earnings gradually declined from the middle-class down to African American workers. Throughout this reading Hurley continually answers the question of how industrialization in Gary shaped human activity through pay and pollution, and in turn how humans shaped their environment. Starting with the middle-class citizens of Gary, Indiana, Hurley tells how they are identified by fresh air, beautiful landscapes and space. Hurley says, â€Å"Through the 1970’s, the preservation of suburban amenities would remain the driving force behind middle-class opposition to industrial pollution† (Hurley, 47). The relatively high income of the middle-class, although it varied greatly depending on occupation, allowed for families to move into suburban areas. With the combination of greater pay and efficient transportation, Gary was able to decentralize. This resulted in the primarily white middle-class moving a few miles outside of the downtown area, having more space and concentrating more on health issues. This was also made possible through government programs that further solidified the line between middle-class and working-class citizens. The Federal Housing Authority lowered initial down payments and extending repayment schedules. However, these types of mortgages were not allotted to low-income, inner-city neighborhoods because they were too risky. This was not the case for all Gary residents. â€Å"Even by the 1970’s, Gary remained a predominantly working-class community with almost ...

Protestant Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protestant Reformation - Essay Example This belief gave immense power to the priests and the Pope, who was the highest titled priest of the world. The priests used that power of intercession to ensure the growth and prosperity of the 'church' to the detriment, many times, of the citizenry that made that immense power and wealth possible. Many times, the arrogance and power that were wielded by these priests caused an environment of resentment among the people that were supposedly being served. Not only was this power a continuing slap in the community's face, but salvation was also for sale! In order to raise funds for more and more elegant buildings and to support the avaricious appetites of the clergy individuals were told that the only way to be "saved" was by literally paying for your sins. An individual at that time may have to do a few "hail Mary's" but in order to ensure salvation, silver and gold coins given into the hands of the local monasteries was by far and away a more viable option. This air of resentment and anger had been simmering for decades and along with the 'salvation for sale environment" was part of the problem according to Luther's eyes.

Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature review - Research Paper Example Studies where there was no MRSA screening were also excluded because these studies did not offer the information needed to address the major goal of this review. In addition, studies where MRSA infection was not confirmed by microbiologic techniques were excluded because this review was designed to study only patients that were confirmed to carry the infection after both screening and microbiologic techniques. Based on the findings from the cases in the literature, the broad problem was that too many patients are transmitting Methicillin resistant Staph aureus in ICU. Specifically, the literature aimed to provide evidence for the question, â€Å"Would the high transmission rate decrease if screening in adult patients was conducted upon admittance to the ICU unit as opposed to not screening?† This problem is important to pursue because it affected patient outcomes including the length of stay and complications from other illnesses. This problem also had a potential impact on th e quality of treatment due to overcrowding and understaffing. The costs were also affected since the hospital was forced to use more money for testing, medicine, and housing patients. Finally, the access to needed medications was limited, and ordering caused further delays. For the purposes of this study, the patients in each case study were limited to adults who were admitted to the ICU section. Children were not included in any of the studies regarding MRSA, and patients in other sections of the facility were also excluded. The following review placed eleven case studies into discussion, focusing on the interventions, comparisons, and outcomes of the studies. Each study included a report on the interventions used for that study, with interesting results from each case study. Clancy, Grepler, Wilson, Douglas, Johnson, and Price (2006), used swab samples which were obtained upon admission to ICUs and weekly thereafter patients who tested positive from nasal or clinical specimens wer e placed in contact isolation, even after readmission DNA fragments were analyzed for similarity of banding PFGE patterns. Dalla Valle, Pasca, De Vitis, Marzani, Emmi, and Marone (2009), also gathered swab samples, although they obtained the samples upon admission and twice-weekly thereafter. Patients who screened positive received isolation and/or antibiotic or colonization therapy. Honda, Krauss, Coopersmith, Kollef, Richmond, Fraser, and Warren (2010), conducted nasal screening, and had the patients who screened positive had contact precautions implemented with no antibiotic or colonization therapy. Clancy and Dalla Valle would have probably described Honda’s practice as irresponsible since antibiotics were not administered and patients were not relocated to a secluded area. This made the study ineffective, because there was no way to prevent the spread of MRSA between patients in the ICU. Other case studies that used the swab method included Lucet, Paoletti, Lolom, Paugam -Burtz, Trouillet, Timsit, Deblangy, Andremont, and Regnier (2005) used nasal swabs to obtain within 24 hours at admission and weekly thereafter. Although once a week was a consistent testing window, the case study probably would have generated far stronger results if testing had been conducted at lease twice a week. Contact precautions were implemented in MRSA positive patients. Another method used to determine MRSA was the standard culture method. Cunningham, Jenks, Northwood,

Positive and negative aspects of e-business for traditional retailing Essay

Positive and negative aspects of e-business for traditional retailing and whole-selling organisations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that e-business or e-commerce is a significant trend in today’s business environment which is fundamentally facilitating change in the method of conducting commercial activities. E-business provides exceptional opportunities for retail and wholesale organisations by helping to overcome the geographic limitations. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can mainly benefit from e-business through collecting valuable information easily, promoting themselves through the internet and serving consumers in new markets with comparatively little cost than traditional business practices. E-business refers utilisation of information and communication technology (ICT) in the business environment which comprises knowledge and data exchange, web advertisements, online ordering and real–time delivery information among others. E-business implementation makes retail and wholesale organisations to rearrange the business procedures and to distribute goods and services more competently and effectually. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-business several retail stores and wholesale organisations are still in the investment and brand development stage and have not utilised the benefits properly. E-businesses usually concentrate on the visual appearance and ease of use of their portals as a primary way for enlarging the customer base. The impact of e-business on retail stores and wholesale organisations is determined by the level to which they match the present retailing as a substitute channel or swaps existing networks. Environmental forces such as demographical, cultural, lifestyle, fashions, economic and political pressures and other commercial expansions impact the future possibility and practice of e-business in retail and whole-sale organisations. E-business is simply an enabler which results in retail or wholesale procedure innovation, where the products and the goods remain same. E-business acts as a re placement network which has resulted in fundamental alterations in shopping practices (Burt & Sparks, 2003). Positive Impact